阅读理解D篇
原文In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?
A. They are becoming outdated. B. They are mostly in electronic form.
C. They are limited in number. D. They are used for public exhibition.
33. What does Daru’s study focus on?
A. Threatened species. B. Physical specimens.
C. Observational data. D. Mobile applications.
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?
A. Mistakes in data analysis. B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.
C. Improper way of sampling. D. Unreliable data collection devices.
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?
A. Review data from certain areas. B. Hire experts to check the records.
C. Confirm the identity of the users. D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.
译文在记录地球上灭绝物种的竞赛中,研究人员和公民科学家收集了数十亿条记录。如今,大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们有助于检测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化,但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现,这种记录并不完美。
“随着技术的兴起,人们很容易在移动应用程序的帮助下观察不同的物种,”该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文科学学院生物学助理教授巴拿巴·达鲁说。“这些观测结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据,而且由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化,我想知道:它们可用吗?”
Daru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集,测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。
Daru说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索采样中倾向于偏倚数据的方面,比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,而不是旁边的草。”
他们的研究表明,大量的仅观察记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率。此外,这些数据有偏见,有利于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的,因为在移动设备上获得观测生物多样性数据的人通常是记录他们与附近地区物种相遇的公民科学家。这些数据也偏向于具有吸引人或引人注目特征的某些物种。
我们能用不完美的生物多样性数据集做什么?
“相当多,”Daru解释道。“生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果告知用户过采样区域,并将他们引导到采样不充分的地方,甚至物种。为了提高观测数据的质量,生物多样性app还可以鼓励用户让专家确认上传图像的身份。”
32.我们对现在收集的物种记录了解多少?
A.它们已经过时了。B.它们大多以电子形式存在。
C.数量有限。D.它们用于公共展览。
33.Daru的研究重点是什么?
A.濒危物种。B.物理标本。
C.观测数据。D.移动应用程序。
34.根据这项研究,是什么导致了偏见?
A.数据分析中的错误。B.上传图片质量差。
C.取样方式不当。D.不可靠的数据收集设备。
35.Daru对生物多样性应用程序有什么建议?
A.审查某些领域的数据。B.聘请专家检查记录。
C.确认用户的身份。D.为公民科学家提供指导。
1 段译 在记录地球上灭绝物种的竞赛中,研究人员和公民科学家收集了数十亿条记录。如今,大多数生物多样性记录通常以照片、视频和其他数字记录的形式出现。尽管它们有助于检测一个地区物种数量和种类的变化,但斯坦福大学的一项新研究发现,这种记录并不完美。
In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. 句译 在竞赛记录物种在地球在前他们变得灭绝,研究者和市民科学家已收集几十亿记录。Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. 句译 今天,大多数记录生物多样性的是经常用形式照片,视频和其他数码记录。Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.句译 尽管他们是有用的对侦查变换在数量和多样物种的在一地区,新的斯坦福研究已发现这类记录的是不完美的。
2 段译 “随着技术的兴起,人们很容易在移动应用程序的帮助下观察不同的物种,”该研究的主要作者、斯坦福大学人文科学学院生物学助理教授巴拿巴·达鲁说。“这些观测结果现在超过了来自物理标本的原始数据,而且由于我们越来越多地使用观测数据来研究物种如何应对全球变化,我想知道:它们可用吗?”
“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observations of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. 句译 随着上升技术它是容易对人们去做观察不同物种的用帮助移动应用,说BD,他是领导的作者研究的和助理教授生物的在斯坦福学院人文和科学的。“These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens (标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”句译 这些观察现在数量多于最初的数据来自物理标本,并且自从我们正增长使用观察的数据去调查如何物种正回应对全球的变化,我想要去知道:是他们有用的?
3 段译 Daru和他的团队使用了一个包含19亿条植物、昆虫、鸟类和动物记录的全球数据集,测试了这些数据在多大程度上代表了实际的全球生物多样性模式。
Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.句译 使用全球的数据组19亿记录植物,昆虫,小鸟和动物的,D和他的队伍测试如何好这些数据代表实际上的全球的生物多样性模式。
4 段译 Daru说:“我们特别感兴趣的是探索采样中倾向于偏倚数据的方面,比如公民科学家更有可能拍摄开花植物的照片,而不是旁边的草。”
“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.句译 我们是尤其兴趣的在探索方面例子的倾向于偏差数据,像更大的可能性市民科学家的去拍摄照片开花植物的而不是草正好挨着它,说D。
5 段译 他们的研究表明,大量的仅观察记录并没有带来更好的全球覆盖率。此外,这些数据有偏见,有利于某些地区、时间段和物种。这是有道理的,因为在移动设备上获得观测生物多样性数据的人通常是记录他们与附近地区物种相遇的公民科学家。这些数据也偏向于具有吸引人或引人注目特征的某些物种。
Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage.句译 他们的研究揭示大的数量观察仅记录的不导致更好的全球的覆盖。 Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species.句译 而且,这些数据被偏差并且喜爱某一区域,时间期间,和物种。This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. 句译 这有道理因为人们获得观察的生物多样性数据在移动设备是经常市民科学家记录他们的意外碰见人和物种在地区附近的。 These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.句译 这些数据被也偏差朝着某一物种用吸引的或眼睛抓住特征。
6 段译 我们能用不完美的生物多样性数据集做什么?
What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?句译 什么能我们处理不完美的数据组生物多样性的?
7 段译 “相当多,”Daru解释道。“生物多样性应用程序可以使用我们的研究结果告知用户过采样区域,并将他们引导到采样不充分的地方,甚至物种。为了提高观测数据的质量,生物多样性app还可以鼓励用户让专家确认上传图像的身份。”
“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places — and even species — that are not well-sampled. 句译 相当多,D解释。生物多样性应用能使用我们研究结果去通知使用者过度采用的地区和领导他们到地方——甚至物种——是不好样品的。To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”句译 去改善质量观察的数据的,生物多样性应用能也鼓励用户去让专家确认识别他们的上传图片。
32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?翻译 32.什么我们知道关于记录物种的收集现在?
A. They are becoming outdated.翻译 他们正变过时。
B. They are mostly in electronic form.翻译 他们是主要地用电子形式。
C. They are limited in number.翻译 他们被限制在数量。
D. They are used for public exhibition.翻译 他们被用为公共展览。
33. What does Daru’s study focus on?翻译 33.什么D的研究聚焦?
A. Threatened species.翻译 危险的物种。
B. Physical specimens.翻译 物理标本。
C. Observational data.翻译 观察数据。
D. Mobile applications.翻译 移动应用。
34. What has led to the biases according to the study?翻译 34.什么导致偏差按照研究?
A. Mistakes in data analysis.翻译 错误在数据分析。
B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.翻译 糟糕的质量上传图片的。
C. Improper way of sampling.翻译 不合适的方式样品的。
D. Unreliable data collection devices.翻译 不可靠的数据收集设备。
35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?翻译 35.什么是D的建议对生物多样性应用?
A. Review data from certain areas.翻译 复查数据从某一区域。
B. Hire experts to check the records.翻译 雇佣专家去检查记录。
C. Confirm the identity of the users.翻译 确认识别用户的。
D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.翻译 给向导到市民科学家。
答案 1.B 2.C 3.C 4.D 温馨提示:选项可点击,红色为错误选项,绿色为正确选项